DIE STÄDTE Die Untersuchung erfolgt in zehn Ländern. Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien und Spanien sind die „Kernländer“ des Bürgerhaushalts, wo es am meisten Beispiele und die ältesten Erfahrungen gibt. Die Niederlande, Finnland und Großbritannien sind hinsichtlich der Modernisierungsthematik lokaler Verwaltungen von Bedeutung. Polen, Belgien und Portugal sind interessant, weil sie interessante Vergleichsperspektiven aufzeigen bzw. das Bild des Bürgerhaushalts in Europa ergänzen und vervollständigen. Die Auswahl der Städte erfolgt nach folgenden Kriterien: Politischer Wille der lokalen Regierungen Unterschiedliche Kontexte Konsolidierung und Dynamik der Verfahren Modellfunktion der Verfahren Unterschiedlichkeit in der Beteiligungsform Verbindung zwischen Bürgerbeteiligung und Modernisierung der Verwaltung
Belgien Mons (rund 100.000 Einwohner)
Deutschland In Deutschland wurde in vier Städten eine vertiefende/ethnographische Studie durchgeführt: Emsdetten
(35.000 Einwohner) hat eine ausgeglichene Sozialstruktur. Die wirtschaftliche
Basis der Stadt beruht auf produzierendem Gewerbe und einem dynamisch
wachsenden Dienstleistungssektor. Der Bürgerhaushalt von Emsdetten
hebt sich durch deliberative Bürgerforen hervor, die Vorschläge
hinsichtlich der kommunalen Finanzen für die Diskussion im Rat erarbeiten. Berlin-Lichtenberg (252.000 inhabitants) is one of the twelve Berlin's districts, situated on the east side of the town. Important parts of Lichtenberg are covered with industrial tower blocks of the communist's era. Other parts are quite historical quarters with a heterogeneous population. The district started a participatory budget process in 2005 with a pilot project supported by the provincial government of Berlin (Land). The core of the project is a participative evaluation of the functioning of 35 budget products. Products are in this case public services and institutions within the competency of the district administration, such as culture services, additional social services, youth programs, economic development programs, or public libraries. In the PB, citizens were asked whether the selected products respond their needs or if they would rather like to propose some changes. Proposals can be expressed on three ways: via Internet, by post and in neighbourhood meetings. A commission technically checks the proposals before the administration indicates the costs for every single project. A hierarchy is set up by a voting procedure in a central meeting on district level, open for all interested citizens. In this meeting, participants can split or accumulate freely their five votes between all recommendations. In the same way, an additional voting is organized by Internet and for randomly selected citizens via post mail. The priorities are handed to the local district council, which decides which proposals are accepted and which are not. The council is committed to give a detailed feedback on his decision about the first 20 priorities. In the first participatory budget, citizens expressed wishes such as maintaining the public music school, or extending sport services and libraries activities. In weiteren Städten wurden grundlegende Daten und Informationen erhoben: Bezirk Treptow-Köpenick, Berlin; Bonn; Castrop-Rauxel; Cottbus; Groß-Umstadt; Landau; Bezirk Lichtenberg, Berlin; Lübbecke; Mönchweiler; Monheim; Nürtingen; Pleidelsheim; Vlotho.
Ein graphischer Überblick zu den Städten mit einem Bürgerhaushalt
FinnlandDie Stadt Hämeenlinna (43.000 Einwohner) hat keine besonderen sozialen Probleme zu verzeichnen. Die Stadt hat an den Free Commune Experiments teilgenommen, das finnischen Städten die Freiheit gibt, Struktur- und Leistungsreformen durchzuführen. Hämeenlinna gilt als international anerkannte Reformstadt. Selbst wenn die Stadt keinen Bürgerhaushalt im engeren Sinne entwickelt hat, so gibt es sehr dynamische und unterschiedliche Formen der Bürgerbeteiligung , die sich auf den Prozess der budgetären Ressourcennutzung auswirken.
Frankreich In Frankreich wurde in fünf Städten eine vertiefende/ethnographische Studie durchgeführt:
Morsang-sur-Orge (20.000 Einwohner), Paris 20 (180.000 Einwohner), Pont-de-Claix (12.000 Einwohner) The city of Bobigny (45.000) is located in the northern suburbs of Paris. Bobigny is a new town, which is dominated by industrial tower blocks. The majority of the population belongs to the working class. Among them there are many poor immigrants from the French overseas territories. In order to improve the living conditions of the inhabitants the municipality offers a large variety of social and health services. In the second half of the 1990', the government started several participation processes on the neighbourhood and on the city level. The activities for a participatory budget are part but not the core of this development. In the neighbourhood-meetings, the mayor discuss twice a year problems of everyday life such as parking, housekeeping and safety. Projects of small investments can be worked out in commissions, which may present their proposals in the community council. A process for strategic planning exists on the city level. Every two years, an assembly with different forums is held: housing, education, health, and citizen participation were discussed in 2004. The local government selectively listen to what is said during these meetings and elaborates a list of concrete proposals to be implemented in the following years. An observatory commission composed by interested citizens scrutinizes the realization of these projects is. The commission elaborates a detailed report, in which the situation of every single proposal is documented. The report is distributed to all households and discussed in the council. The government has tried to realize a participatory budgets by workshops in which the general financial situation is explained and citizens can formulate proposals. A feedback on the realization of the proposals was planed but until today not held, so that this process cannot yet be considered as a real participatory budget. Bobigny wants however to start a new experience in the municipal agency for social housing, where the residents could decide the use of a modest fond. Saint-Denis (85.000 Einwohner) im Norden von Paris ist eine Stadt mit einer sozial schwachen Bevölkerung. Die Stadt verzeichnet jedoch seit einigen Jahren ein starkes Wachstum im Dienstleistungssektor. Saint-Denis kann auf eine Tradition einer quartiersbezogenen Bürgerbeteiligung zurückgreifen. Ein Bürgerhaushalt wurde 2001 eingeführt. In weiteren Städten wurden grundlegende Daten und Informationen erhoben: Arcueil, Aubagne, Bobigny (OPHLM), La Courneuve, Limeil-Brevannes, Poitiers (OPARC), Poitou-Charentes (Region).
Großbritannien In Großbritannien wurde in zwei Städten eine vertiefende/ethnographische Studie durchgeführt: Bradford is a post-industrial city in the West Yorkshire and has 474.000 inhabitants. The political life in Bradford has been unstable during the last 15 years, with power moving between coalitions and marginal majorities. There is no overall control in the current council, but the executive (of six leading councilors) is Conservative. The recent history of Bradford has seen a rise of far right politics, social tension and inter-racial violence between the majority white population and the minority Pakistani communities. The neighbourhood renewal team (a national programme aiming at the social, economic, and political development of the poorest areas in the UK) within the Bradford Local Strategic Partnership (a structure linking representatives of the private, business, community and voluntary sectors) initiated the participatory budgeting process in 2004. It was based upon experiments with local community group funding. £700,000 was available for local improvement works destined for the poorest areas of Bradford. Local communities were encouraged to apply for small sums between £1,000 and £10,000. The projects could only be selected if they were linked with established local priorities, and when they had been pre-discussed in the locality. The process took place during two days. £300,000 was distributed during the early part of 2004, a further £314,000 in November 2004. Bradford Vision coordinated and facilitated the process during these two “PB-days”. Each day consisted of two sessions, one in the morning and one in the afternoon. Two representative speakers from the pre-selected projects (30) introduced their project. All participants were delegates of local communities, with high attendance from the main immigrant groups. They had to score each project (except their own) out of 10, with 1 being the lowest. After 10 presentations, the score sheets were collected, transmitted to a computer and the final scores displayed on a projector screen. At the end of each scoring session, those projects without funding got a second chance, as successful participants could return a small part of their funding to supporting them. This process worked out very successfully, as approximately 60-70% of the successful groups gave back some money, in average around £250-£500. Salford (220.000 Einwohner) ist eine ehemalige Industriestadt und hat heute eine sozial schwache Bevölkerung. In Form von Nachbarschaftsverbänden hat die Stadtverwaltung in den letzten Jahren verstärkt auf Bürgerbeteiligung gesetzt. Der zweite wichtige Anreiz für die Partizipation sowie die Prozesse der Verwaltungsmodernisierung sind seit Antritt der Labor-Regierung Mitte der 90er Jahre nationale Richtlinien. Sie haben maßgeblich zur Einführung der Haushaltskonsultationen im Jahr 1996 beigetragen.
In weiteren Städten wurden grundlegende Daten und Informationen erhoben: Harrow; Sunderland. Italien In Italien wurde in drei Städten eine vertiefende/ethnographische Studie durchgeführt: Grottammare (14.700 Einwohner), Pieve Emanuele (15.700 Einwohner), Rom XI (140.200 Einwohner) In weiteren Städten wurden grundlegende Daten und Informationen erhoben: Cinisello Balsamo; Isola Vicentina; San Sebastiano da Po; Vimodrone; Altidona e Ripatransone; Castelmaggiore; San Canzian d'Isonzo; Vignola; Vimercate; Modena.
Polen The city of Plock (nearly 130.000 inhabitants) in Poland has, despite a high unemployment rate, the biggest centre of petrochemical industry in the country and holds the second place in terms of income per capita The mayor comes from a right-center party (PiS “Law and Justice”), as opposed to the left wing parties which form the majority in the council (“Democratic Left Alliance”, “Labour Union”). The participatory budgeting process in Plock takes place in the framework of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and consists of a public-private partnership between the city of Plock (the main initiator of the process), PKN Orlen (Poland's largest Oil Company located in Plock), Levi Strauss Company and representatives of local NGOs. The process started in 2002, when the so-called “Forum of Plock” lauched the “Grant Fund for Plock Project”, the first “official” round taking place in 2003 (and afterwards in 2004 and 2005). The fund (until now around 300.000 USD every year) is provided by PKN Orlen, Levi Strauss Company, and the local government. The official aims are sustainable development, the promotion of economic development, the improvement of living conditions, public safety, the amelioration of infrastructure and the protection of the cultural heritage and environment. Applications for projects to be financed through the fund can be submitted by NGOs having their main office registered in Plock. Applying organization should prove their good financial condition, transparent rules for fundraising and their commitment in the work for the development of civil society. There are clear rules for the evaluation of the applications, which should deal with the six areas identified by the partners: education, economy, protection of heritage, environment, high standard of life and urban architecture. A committee including local citizens, experts and representatives of the official project partners will take the decisions, each project being eligible for up to 10.000 USD. Projects are implemented through local civil society associations. The number of applications has grown since the beginning of the process, going from 53 in 2003 (34 accepted), to 70 in 2004 (32 accepted) until 102 (59 accepted). The example of Plock has already inspired a similar process in another town, Ostrow Wielkopolski (PKN Orlen is again one of the donors), and others have shown an interest of starting it.
Portugal In Portugal wurde in Palmela (53.350 Einwohner) eine vertiefende Studie durchgeführt, in Santarem grundlegende Daten erhoben.
Spanien In Spanien wurde in vier Städten eine vertiefende/ethnographische Studien durchgeführt:
Albacete (150.000 Einwohner) ist eine Stadt in Castilla-La Mancha. Im Zentrum des Bürgerhaushaltes stehen Initiativen und Vereine, die im Rat des Bürgerhaushaltes vertreten sind. Dieser verhandelt mit der Regierung über die Investitionen, die 10 Prozent des Gesamthaushaltes ausmachen. Córdoba (300.000 Einwohner) in Andalusien, ist nach Sevilla die größte Stadt, in der in Europa ein Bürgerhaushalt eingeführt wurde. Es handelt sich um eine Stadt mit sozial gemischter Bevölkerungsstruktur, die von einer Linkskoalition (Sozialisten-Kommunisten) regiert wird. Vor drei Jahren hat sie einen Bürgerhaushalt nach dem Vorbild von Porto Alegre eingeführt, der jedoch nur einige Bereiche der Verwaltung betrifft und nicht das ganze Budget. Puente Genil (23.000 Einwohner) liegt ebenso in Andalusien. In Puente Genil gibt es eine starke Verbindung von Verwaltungsmodernisierung und Bürgerhaushalt. Das Modell von Puente Genil wird als sehr dynamisch eingeschätzt und könnte sich als Vorbild für deutsche Städte empfehlen. The andalusian city of Sevilla, with more than 700.000 inhabitants, is the biggest city with a participatory budget in Europe. Although Sevilla is known for its cultural heritage, the city has important social problems.The process of participatory budget was started in 2004. It focused on investments and programmes of three municipal areas: civic engagement, sport and urbanism. The procedure is very similar to the Brazilian city Porto Alegre: it is a decentralized process and is based on the participation of individuals. The procedure distinguishes between the three geographical levels of neighbourhood, district and city. A “motor group” of active citizens organizes in cooperation with technical staff of the participation offices the meetings. Following a bottom-up dynamic the process starts in March with meetings on the neighbourhood level. Proposals are made and delegates for the district and city levels are elected. It is the responsibility of the district delegates to prioritise the proposals of the neighbourhoods. The city delegates only discuss the proposals that concern the all city, such as important investments like the construction of new swimming centres or soccer stadiums. On district as on city level, a hierarchy is set up by a complex system of criteria, which takes in account social justice values. The idea is to minimize the inequalities between the districts and between neighbourhoods. Priority is given when the existing infrastructure is weak or when the project benefits a marginal social group. In the first year of participatory budget, 265 proposals, whose global amount was 12 millions. Euros, were integrated in the city budget. The methodology of the process itself was elaborated by a commission of delegates of every neighbourhood and is published as a procedural motion. Another commission follows the realisation of the projects. The organization of the all process is delegate to an external agency contracted by the local government. In weiteren Städten wurden grundlegende Daten und Informationen erhoben: Getafe; Jérez de la Frontera; Logrono; Madrid; Petrer; Puertollano; San Sebastian/Donosita; Terrassa; Torreperogil; Viladecavalls.
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